gasiltiny.blogg.se - Reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives

Esters are second most reactive since they contain one less oxygen atom.

Anhydrides are most reactive since their resonance stability and three electron withdrawing oxygen atoms are the most electrophilic and thus reactive.

Reactivity of the carbonyl is determined by the substituents.

Have higher boiling points than corresponding carboxylic acids since they are much heavier.

Only anhydrides with five or six membered rings are made easily.

Reaction is driven forward by the increased stability of the newly formed rings.

Cyclic anhydrides can be formed by heating the carboxylic acids.

Hydroxyl group of one acts as a nucleophile and attach the carbonyl group on the other.

Synthesized by the condensation reaction between two carboxylic acids and one molecule of water is lost in condensation.

If asymmetrical, name two chains alphabetically and then followed by anhydride.

Symmetrical anhydrides are named by substituting anhydride for acid in a carboxylic acid.

Also called Acid anhydrides and are the condensation dimers of carboxylic acids which have the general formula RC(O)OC(O)R.

Can undergo Saponification to produce soap salts.

Esters of long chain carboxylic acids and glycerol.

Triacylglycerol: storage forms of fats in the body.Lack hydrogen bonding, so boiling points are lower than related carboxylic acids.

Lactones: Cyclic esters and named similarly to lactones, but with name of precursor acid molecule included.Fischer Esterification: mixing carboxylic acids and alcohols under acidic conditions so that they condense into esters.Named by placing the esterifying group as a prefix and the –oate suffix replaces -oic acid.Esterification Group: substituent that is bonded to the oxygen.Dehydration synthesis products of other carboxylic acid derivatives and alcohols.May or may not participate in hydrogen bonding.Lactams: Cyclic amides and are named according to the carbon atom that is bonded to the nitrogen.Only primary and secondary amines will undergo this reaction.Loss of hydrogen is required for this reaction to take place.

Synthesized by reaction of other carboxylic acid derivatives with either ammonia or an amine.Alkyl substituents on the nitrogen atom are listed as prefixes and their location is specified by the letter N.Named by replacing –oic acid with –amide.These derivatives are formed by a condensation reaction with carboxylic acid in which two molecules combine into one while a small molecule is lost (water in this case).